|
The Order of Saint John (Knights of Malta, Knights Hospitaller) was organised in a system of commandries during the high medieval to early modern periods, to some extent surviving as the organisational structure of the several descended orders that formed after the Reformation. In the Late Middle Ages, the bulk of possessions of the order was in the Holy Roman Empire, France, Castile, Aragon and Portugal, but they extended into Poland, Hungary, southern Italy, England and Denmark, with individual outliers in Ireland, Scotland, Sweden and Greece (the main seat of the order was in Rhodes from 1309 until 1522, and in Malta from 1530 until 1798). ==Pre-Reformation== Before the Protestant Reformation, the Order was divided into seven ''langues'' or tongues. The ''langues'' were divided into great priories, some of which were further divided into priories or bailiwicks (''ballei''), and these were in turn divided into commendaries. The largest of the ''langues'' by far was the "German" one, which included not only all of the Holy Roman Empire but also the non-German-speaking (Slavic and Hungarian) territories east of Germany. It was divided into five great-priories, the largest of which were Austria-Bohemia and Germany, in turn divided into major priories or bailiwicks; one of the largest such became independent after the Protestant Reformation as the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg). The division of Latin Europe, on the other hand was more fine grained, into the Hispanic (Iberian peninsula, at first known as the "Aragonese" langue, but in 1462 split into the Aragonese and the "Castilian" langue, the latter including Castille, Léon and Portugal), Italian (Italian peninsula), Provençal, Auvergnat and French ''langues''. Finally, the English ''langue'' included the order's possessions in the British Isles. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Commanderies of the Order of Saint John」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|